Patching Up The Musical Quilt free essay sample

The Quilt Gym Class Heroes **** On the off chance that OutKasts Aquemini collection made hip-bounce sound interesting during the 90s, Gym Class Heroes The Quilt totally made a similar impact in 2008. At the point when I originally heard Cupids Chokehold I nearly shouted out Ewww! At the point when I glanced in the Arts and Leisure area of The New York Times, it read that Gym Class Heroes came out with another collection. I took one glance at Travis McCoys apparel and actually leaped out of my socks. In any case, Im a lenient individual. So after one month, I purchased The Quilt on iTunes. Gesture of goodwill/Index Down gave me the impression Lil Travvy wasnt thinking directly around then. Look mama, no hands/Your sons a man/Everything that you said is at last setting in/Trainig wheels tumbled off and I continued hawking/And now Im riding wheelies on this industry/Say the word and Ill ghostride this in a flash/Good looking pop all the quality that youre giving me/If it werent for you exercise center class would be h istory And I resembled, hold up, slow down! Insane incredible melody in my book, women and courteous fellows. We will compose a custom exposition test on Fixing Up The Musical Quilt or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Treat Jar and Kissin Ears both component The-Dreams scratchy falsetto on the chorale. Gee The Prince of Silliness and The Duke of Dischord together for a bangin time. Gems every one of them and nothing less. Treat Jar is positively, scrumptious (no play on words planned). Live A Little gave us a brief look at the motivation behind why Gym Class Heroes is a multi-classification band. These verses are not hip-hoppy by any means. They are emotional, emotional, EMO! I demand hip-jump, not rock. Aargh, what's up with hip-containers figuring they can shake the house nowadays? Be that as it may, what better approach to kick off a collection than with a reggae tune. In all honesty, Sir Travis put a horny ska-driven track entitled Blinded By The Sun, which follows an excursion of a man thinking about whether he is his lady friends just sweetheart. Toward the finish of the tune, it turns out his better half was double crossing him. Blinded by lies, hence blinded by the sun. This, alongside Coo kie Jar were utilized for remixing on the iTunes adaptation, including a rapper who gets himself Stressed Out. The high reediness of his voice upheld facing Travis McCoys mouth makes an imprint upon the melodic world. On the off chance that you enjoyed Gorillaz, Gym Class Heroes are next in the letters in order and up on your playlist.

Sports Essay Free Essays

Kevin Walters Go Team! Sports have become a tremendous piece of this country’s culture, and the avid supporters make up a decent bit of the populace. Each and every other discussion you hear, regardless of whether it be at the water cooler or in a bar, has something to do with some large play or blown call that happened the prior night. The fame of sports has developed brilliantly in simply the most recent 24 years that I have been an avid supporter. We will compose a custom exposition test on Sports Essay or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now What used to be all the men hollering and cussing at the TV, has become nearly as well known to ladies. Regardless of whether it is football, b-ball, or baseball, these fans come in every single diverse shape and sizes. On the off chance that you are a supporter of a group, a temporary fad fan, a reasonable climate fan, or a devoted fan, we are all piece of an extraordinary group of avid supporters that make for a decent time and some great discussion. The supporters, as I like to call them, are only your essential enthusiast of a particular games group. They are with that group and will stay by them through various challenges, yet they wouldn’t mind having the option to not watch a game in the event that it hindered past plans. These fans may have a couple of shirts or possibly a cap or two of their preferred group however except if it’s game day, they don’t make a special effort to show that pride. A supporter will for the most part not want to spend the cash on passes to really go watch a game, yet in the event that they are given tickets or welcomed to go see a game with certain companions, they won't stop for a second to state yes. Being a devotee is anything but an awful thing. It’s a protected situation to the extent being a devotee of a specific group, provided that your group wins you can cheer and boast to every one of your companions, yet when they lose you don’t have that â€Å"heartbreak† that accompanies different sorts of fans. The fleeting trend fan is one of the most loathed classifications of fans that you might be. A fleeting trend fan is the sort of fan that likes to root for the group that is well on the way to win. These fans are typically genuinely learned in the game they are supporting and will for the most part get their work done on whichever group they are applauding that week. Bandwagoners will do what they can to ensure they can observe each game, thusly they can see who plays great and terrible and choose who they need to root for. With regards to garments, a temporary fad fan’s storeroom will seem as though a rainbow of sorts of various games groups. They have a pullover from 4 or 5 distinct groups that they like to switch between just to be prepared on the off chance that one group is their preferred that week. Fleeting trend fans appreciate going to watch a live game, and will support whichever group is picked to win. Being a temporary fad is, similar to a devotee, a protected kind of fan to be. Other than the way that you will be despised by any obvious fans, you have the advantage of exchanging groups the following week if your group performs ineffectively. Reasonable climate fans are the sorts of fans that hurt a group the vast majority of all. These fans totally love their group at the season’s start, however in the event that the group starts to battle and shows no desire for doing admirably that year, these fans will vanish like phantoms. In the event that the group is doing acceptable and fulfilling their desires, a reasonable climate fan will do whatever they have to do to have the option to watch the games on TV so they can be there to root for them. These fans make themselves entirely observable towards the center of the period. Reasonable climate fans will spruce up in all the group hues and wave the group banner as though they were the most genuine fans ever however when the group begins losing, the garments get hung in the rear of storeroom and the banners get taken town and put away up until the beginning of the following season. They will be the initial ones in line to purchase passes to the initial home game, yet a reasonable climate fan will never be a season ticket holder. A reasonable climate fan is a sheltered fan to be, yet it is likewise a pitiful fan. These fans are the explanation that games get passed out on TV on the grounds that the group can’t offer passes to the game. The last classification of fans is the lifelong fan. These fans are totally wild about their group, win or lose. They will battle with you and contend with you until the end and reveal to you why their group is the best, regardless of what the record may state. Extremist fans will demand days off work and make arrangements around their group if that’s the stuff to have the option to watch the major event. This fan will wear at any rate one piece of clothing of his preferred group in any event 6 days out of the week, regardless of whether they get smothered the week earlier. These sorts of fans will be your season ticket holders. They will make each game and be one of the initial ones to the arena. Hardcore fans are the best avid supporters as I would like to think. They are so energetic thus devoted to their group, that it can without much of a stretch be the most risky kind of fan to be. On the off chance that an extremist fan’s most loved group loses, it can demolish his entire week, yet when they play once more, he is in that spot giving a shout out to them as though it was the Super Bowl or the World Series. Fans are what keep sports alive all around the globe. On the off chance that these games or groups didn’t have these sorts of fans, they wouldn’t have the option to exist. Sports have become a way of life in this nation and the fans have become a solid network. I couldn’t envision what America or the world would resemble without sports. Being the devoted fan that I am of my preferred games group, I just don’t know how I would work with my Florida Gators. So whether you are a devotee, reasonable climate, fleeting trend, or lifelong fan, continue cheering and hold going down the convention of being an avid supporter in America. The most effective method to refer to Sports Essay, Essay models

Case Study Assignments - A Case Study Assignment Should Be Strong Enough to End With a Good Conclusion

Case Study Assignments - A Case Study Assignment Should Be Strong Enough to End With a Good ConclusionWhen you are writing a case study assignment, it is always important to start off with a good, strong conclusion. Unfortunately, this can often be harder than starting off with a bad one. If you feel the need to bring up some doubts or to talk about the ideas that you have presented in your paper, you should do so when the conclusion is near.If you do not mention your doubts, the reader will assume that they are already known and will not even be reading your final report. Sometimes it is also hard to know when it is time to end the case study assignment because it is often difficult to say that the data collected was analyzed properly.This could sometimes cause the other people involved in the case study to question your integrity because it takes so long for the final result. If you have enough evidence that you have worked hard to gather and to organize, you can show that point. D o not start out by saying that all of the doubts or issues are quite obvious, however.Show that you worked hard to gather the information for your final result. Also, let the reader know that you know what you are talking about. It is best if you do not over-exaggerate but rather leave the readers thinking that your doubts and the issues that you have talked about should be noted in your conclusion.There is nothing wrong with exaggerating when dealing with doubt in case studies. Some people tend to believe that writing down things that they can find out easily or that they have been able to solve in their own minds will help them write a better report or even help other people. However, your doubts are not meant to sound as if they were shown by some trickery.Instead, you should make sure that you answer the doubts with a very strong and well-written conclusion. You should be able to relay what you have experienced and what you believe, without exaggerating. Remember that you are wr iting something for your readers and you should be able to let them know that you are there to listen to their needs and to provide them with information that they cannot get elsewhere.Do not use embellishments, of course, because it is up to you to know that you are writing for your own feelings and not for the benefit of others. If you have worked hard and developed the topic to the point where you are very satisfied with the final result, you do not have to sound like a professional on your paper. You just have to try to make your comments as simple as possible, so that your listeners will be able to follow what you have written and understand the arguments that you have given.Make sure that you always do what you feel is right and that you have not tried to fool the reader into believing that the final result is perfect. If you do not like the final result, it will only be your problem and not that of your readers. At the end of the day, they should see that you have tried your best to write a good case study and that you know that the facts that you have gathered are quite reliable.

The City Of The Great Metropolis - 1082 Words

There was a house in the great Metropolis older than the city. Many said that it was older than the cathedral, and that before the Archangel Michael raised his voice as advocate in the conflict for God, the house stood there in its evil gloom, defying the cathedral from out its dull eyes. The house had lived through the time of smoke and soot. Every year which passed over the city crept, when dying, into this house, until at last the house was a cemetery filled with dead years. Set into the black wood of the door stood, copper-red and mysterious, the seal of Solomon, the pentagram. It was said that a magician, who came from the East (and in the track of whom the plague wandered) had built the house in seven nights. But the masons and†¦show more content†¦They died, and no doctor knew the illness. The house resisted its destruction with so great a force that word of its malignity went out over the borders of the city, spreading far over the land. At last, there was no honest man who would have ventured to make war against the house. Yes, even the thieves and the rogues, who were promised remission of their sentence provided they declared themselves ready to pull down the magician s house, preferred to go to the pillory, or even to the scaffold, rather than enter the spiteful walls, past the latchless doors, which were sealed with Solomon s seal. The little town around the cathedral became a large town and grew into Metropolis, and into the center of the world. One day there came to the town a man from far away, who saw the house and said, â€Å"I want to have that.† He was initiated into the story of the house. He did not smile. He stood by his resolution. He bought the house at a very low price, moved in at once and kept it unaltered. This man was named Rotwang. Few knew him. Only Joh Fredersen knew him very well. It would have been easier for Joh Fredersen to fight out the quarrel about the cathedral with the sect of Gothics than to quarrel with Rotwang about the magician s house. In Metropolis, in this city of reasoned, methodical hurry, very many would go far out of their way rather than to pass close by Rotwang s house. It hardly reached to the knees of the giants standingShow MoreRelatedEssay on Metropolis Film Analysis1169 Words   |  5 PagesMetropolis: â€Å"Breaking down the utopia† In January of1927 Metropolis was released to the German public. The film, which was directed by Fritz Lang, was one of the first science fiction movies in the history of film. The film focuses on the differences between the working class who power the city and the wealthy whom indulge in it. The film was host to many German stars at the time such as Alfred Abel and Brigette Helm. As this conflict is going there is a separateRead MoreEssay on Metropis by Fritz Lang and Modern Times by Charlie Chaplin974 Words   |  4 PagesDiscuss Fritz Langs Metropolis and Charlie Chaplins Modern Times Very few movies portray the relationship between the government and civilian masses during trying moments such as Fritz Langs â€Å"Metropolis†, and Charlie Chaplins â€Å"Modern Times†. These are two critically acclaimed films made in the late 1920’s and mid 1930’s. The time period captured is the great depression, and examine the role of the governing authorities in relation to those governed. â€Å"Metropolis† simply passes as one of the originalRead MoreJean Melies s The Moon, By Georges Melies1334 Words   |  6 Pagesthirsty aliens and/or dancing robots who spark a social uprising. While science fiction had been part of movies since the beginning, there had been very few feature-length forays into the genre before Fritz Lang’s Metropolis (1927). 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Tà ¶nnies’s, Simmel’s, Jacobs’s, Putnam’s, Wellman’s, and Leighton’s writings mainly illustrate the dramatic changes that the world faced as a result of the transition from traditionalRead More Metropolis Essay1673 Words   |  7 PagesMetropolis Set around the year 2000, Metropolis is a depiction of the future, yet it is viewed more intensely in the twenties style. In this view we can truly appreciate the work, without the cynicism of todays standards, for the marvel that it is. 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Compare and contrast the similaritiesRead MoreNature s Metropolis, Chicago And The Great West1095 Words   |  5 PagesNick Melvin Book Review 3 3/29/2017 Nature’s Metropolis, Chicago and The Great West Cronon, William. Nature s Metropolis, Chicago and the Great West. New York, NY: WW Norton Company, 1991. William Cronon is an acclaimed author, historian, and professor of history, environmental studies, and geography at the University of Wisconsin. Cronon’s book, Nature’s Metropolis, Chicago and the Great West, was written for an academic audience. Cronon analyzes the settlement of the west concentrating onRead MoreThe Internal Production Spaces Of Large Cities1177 Words   |  5 Pagesdistricts within the metropolis. The internal production spaces of large cities are composed of mosaics of particular kinds of industrial land use focused on localized nodal clusters comprising activities that range from manufacturing to office and service functions. For example, gun and jewellery manufacturing in Birmingham, England; footwear industry of East London; clothing production of New York City; motor-vehicle industry of Tokyo; and office functions in modern metropolis illustrate differentRead MoreRichard Hofstadter s The American Republic1203 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Repu blic since 1865† makes a vivid description of the urban reforms that took place in the United States of America. There are two editions of the book, the first and second edition. The publication came to the public limelight in 1959. The great works of writing are by Prentice-Hall publishers. The original text was from the University of Virginia. The digital print of the book was available as from 2010. The publication has a total of 1445 pages. The URL to the book is https://books.google

Matching up Nicknames With Given Names

It can be hard enough to find great-grandma Jenny without having to figure out if she could also be Jane, Janet, Jeanette, Jennett, Jennifer, or Virginia. But it is common in many genealogical records, especially more informal records such as census records and obituaries, to find your ancestors listed under names you might not expect. In many cases, these names may have been the nicknames that they were known by to their family, friends and business associates — no different for our ancestors than it is today. List of Nicknames for First Names Nicknames can sometimes be difficult to catch, however. Kim as a nickname for Kimberly is fairly straightforward, but Polly as a nickname for Mary and Peggy as a nickname for Margaret have tripped up many researchers. Sometimes nicknames were formed by adding a y or ey to the end of a name or part of a name — i.e. Johnny for John or Penny for Penelope. Other times the name was shortened in some manner — i.e. Kate for Katherine. But sometimes it is just a matter of knowing which nicknames were commonly used in a particular time and  place. Thats why it is important, as a genealogist, to familiarize yourself with commonly used nicknames and their corresponding given names. Do not forget, however, that what appears to be a nickname isnt always. Many nicknames became so popular that they later came to be bestowed as given names. My fathers name is Larry — which is  not  short for Lawrence as many might assume. And my great-grandmother really was baptized as Effie, not Euphemia or Evelyn. Scroll down to explore this list of common nicknames associated with popular given names to determine the various ways in which your ancestor might appear in genealogical records. These are just some of the most common possible given name/nickname variations, but certainly not all. While researching, keep in mind that the same nickname might be associated with different given names, and the same individual might show up with different nicknames in different records. Nickames Given Names Bell, Bella, Belle Arabelle, Anabelle, Belinda, Elizabeth, Isabel, Isabella, Mirabel, Rosabel Belle Mabel, Sybil Bess, Bessie, Bessy, Beth, Bette, Bettie, Bettie, Betsy, Betsey, Bitsy Elizabeth, Elisabeth Bird, Birdie Alberta, Albertine, Roberta Bob, Bobby Robert Bobbi, Bobbie Roberta Boots Bertha Bridey, Brie Bridget Carrie, Carry Caroline, Carolina, Charlotte Cindy, Cindie Cynthia, Cinthia, Lucinda Daisy Margaret Dan, Danny Daniel, Sheridan Dee Audrey, Deanne, Deanna, Denise Delia Adelia, Adele, Cordelia Dell, Della, Delly Adelaide, Adela, Cordelia, Deliverance, Delores Dick Richard Dobbin, Dobby, Dob Robert Dode, Dody Dorothy, Theodore Dora Dorothy, Eudora, Theodora Dot, Dotty, Dottie Dorothy Ed, Eddie, Eddy Edgar, Edmund, Edward, Edwin, Edwina Effie, Effy Euphemia, Evelyn Eliza Elizabeth, Elisabeth Ella, Ellie Eleanor, Elenora Erma Emaline, Emily Fannie, Fanny Frances Frankie Frances (female), Francis (male), Franklin Genie Eugenia Ginger, Ginny Virginia Greta Margaret, Margaretha Hal Harold, Henry Hank, Harry Henry Hattie Harriet, Harriett Hettie Esther, Henrietta, Hester Jack John Jamie James, Jameson Jenny Jane, Janet, Jeanette, Jennett, Virginia Jim, Jimmy James Jock, Johnnie, Johnny John Kate, Katy, Katie, Kay, Kit, Kitty, Kittie Katherine Lena Angelina, Caroline, Helena, Magdalena, Paulina, Selena, etc. Lisa, Lise, Liz, Lizzie Elizabeth, Elisabeth Lucy Lucinda Madge, Maggie, Midge Margaret Mamie Mary Marty, Martie, Mattie Martha May Mary Meg, Megan Margaret Millie, Milly Amelia, Mildred Moll, Mollie, Molly Mary Nell, Nellie, Nelly Eleanor, Elenora, Ellen, Helen, Helena Nora Eleanor, Elenora, Honora, Honoria Ollie Olive, Olivia, Oliver Pat, Patsy, Patty, Pattie Martha, Matilda, Patricia, Patience Peg, Peggy Margaret Penny Penelope Polly, Pollie Mary, Paula Rich, Richy, Rick Richard Rob, Robbie, Robby Robert (male), Roberta (female) Robin Robert, Roberta Ron Aaron, Ronald Ronnie Aaron, Ronald, Veronica Sadie, Sally, Sallie Sarah Sam, Sammy, Sammie Samuel, Samson, Samantha Sukie, Suchie, Suchy Susan, Susanna, Susannah Tad Theodore Ted, Teddy Edward, Theodore Terry, Tess, Tessie, Tessa, Tracy Theresa, Teresa Theo Theodore Tilly Temperance Tillie Matilda, Mathilda Tina Christina Trina Catherine, Katherine Virgie Virginia Winnie Winefred, Winifred

The American Government s Involvements And Influences On...

Question: What are the American government’s involvements and influences in the Internet compare to Chinese government? Thesis: The United States’ government had played the most important role of developing Internet, and did a great contribution certainly. However, Chinese government had a very different attitudes with American government for Internet at last century when Internet started developing because of some domestic factors. Later, Chinese government changed its attitudes and behaviors. The Internet began developing so fast and played more and more important roles in both countries, but with many problems, Internet censorship is one of the most important problem has to be solved. Content: Nowadays, Internet becomes a very†¦show more content†¦They saw a great potential value of Internet in scientific and military field, and sharing the informations. J.C.R. Licklider of MIT was one of the visionary people. He’s the first one who proposed the global network. Then the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) took over the program of developing global network at late 1962 with MIT and University of California at Los Angeles. At 1965, they connected a Massachusetts’ computer with a California computer which was a big progress. Robert moved to DARPA and started his plan for ARPANET which was the real start of the Internet’s life. At 1969, during the Cold War, the program’s purpose changed to to aid researchers in the process of sharing information, and not coincidentally to study how communications could be maintained in the event of nuclear attack. Fortunately, with the developed of Internet technique. It’s usage became wider. Like later the emergence of ARPANET include many usages such as file transfer, sent e-mail, and even online discuss. In 1973, APRA continued a program named â€Å"Internetting Project† for to develop communication protocols which would allow networked computers to communicate transparently across multiple, linked packet networks. The development of Internet had never stopped. By 1980s, private could use Internet which we called â€Å"TCP/IP†, and it was funded by National

Withdholding and Withdrawing Treatment Essay Example For Students

Withdholding and Withdrawing Treatment Essay The majority Of Americans do not have an advanced directive in place. An advanced directive is a written expression of a persons wishes about medical care, especially are during a terminal or critical illness (Butts Rich, 2013, p. 255). Advanced directives can be self-written instructions or prepared by someone else as instructed by the patient. These will become instructions about their future healthcare for other to follow. Some of the issues that need to be addressed in these advanced directives include specific treatments to be refused or desired; the time the directive needs to take effect; specific hospitals and physicians to be used; what lawyer, it any, should be consulted; and any other consultations, such as family or a religious figure (Butts Rich, 2013, p. 255). These advanced receives will be utilized it the patient loses their decision-making capacity and has been rendered incompetent due to their symptoms. The problem arises when the patient does not have this advanced directive. When the patient can no longer make competent decisions, the family might experience difficulty in trying to determine a progressive right course of action. When a patient loses their autonomous decision-making capacity, the decision making falls to a surrogate. A surrogate decision marker is an individual, usually a family member, who acts on behalf of the patient to make decisions about the patients treatment options Butts Rich, 2013, p. 257). Decisions about treatment options can be complex. The surrogate, in absence Of an advanced directive, must consult the attending physician, other family members, and other healthcare providers in order to make the best decision for the patient. Fortunately for surrogates there are ethical principles that can govern their decisions. One of them in particular can be Of comfort to the surrogate. Withholding and Withdrawing treatment from a terminally ill or permanently unconscious patient allows a natural dying process to take its course. It does not constitute killing or assisted suicide (Butts Rich, 013, p. 2571 Medical futility can influence the decision to withhold or withdraw treatment. Medical futility is an unacceptably low chance of achieving a therapeutic benefit for the patient (Butts Rich, 2013, p. 259). Healthcare professionals have accepted and ethically justified withholding and withdrawing treatments deemed futile or extraordinary. Most Other people have also accepted this concept. However, it is not universally accepted. In the 1995 case Of Giggling u. Massachusetts General Hospital, the family Of the patient wanted the attending physician to order CPRM to be provided to the dying patient. The patient, Ms. Giggling, was comatose and dying With multiple organ-system failure. The court supported the physicians claim that CPRM was medically futile (Butts Rich, 2013, p. 261). A permanent vegetative state (PAS) is a state in which a person with severe brain damage has enough autonomic function to survive with constant medical intervention but does not exhibit any awareness or higher brain function (Butts Rich, 2013, p. 52). PAS has played a major role in court cases related to withholding and withdrawing treatment. The case 1976 of Karen Ann Quintal was the first landmark case involving withholding and withdrawing treatment. In 1975, Karen was at a party, mixed alcohol with Valid, lapsed into a coma, and placed on a ventilator. Her parents sued to have her removed from the ventilator. They kept getting denied by the courts. Finally af ter many legal battles, the Nevus Jersey Supreme Court granted her parents the right to remove her from a ventilator. Previously, physicians would not remove her from a ventilator because they could not establish brain death, Once Karen was taken off the ventilator, she continued to breathe on her own for ten years (The big sleep, ND. )_ Because of this case, the definition of and criteria for PAS as established. It also set precedence for parents to have the right to choose withholding and Withdrawing treatment for their child. It also aided in the creation and implementation of the advanced directive. .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56 , .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56 .postImageUrl , .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56 , .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56:hover , .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56:visited , .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56:active { border:0!important; } .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56:active , .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56 .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Drawing on Previous Examples of Major Sporting Events EssayThe 1990 case of Nancy Curran also dealt With the issue Of parents trying to Withhold and Withdraw treatment for their child who was in a PAS. In 1983, Nancy was in an automobile accident and sustained injuries that led to complete loss Of consciousness with significant oxygen deprivation and then to a PAS with continuous artificial nutrition and hydration. After almost eight years of litigation, the Supreme Court f Missouri finally granted the wishes of her parents for the discontinuance of her feeding tube. She died three days after the courts decision (The case of, n. D. ), Because of this case, conditions for withholding and withdrawing treatment were established. The 2005 case of Terra Shiva highlighted the issue of surrogate decision-making in regards to withholding and withdrawing treatment. In 1990, Terra was found unresponsive by her husband, Michael. She had suffered an acute cardiac arrest with prolonged cerebral hypoxia, She was diagnosed with a PAS and had a tending tube in place. Her husband wanted the deeding tube removed, but her parents objected. The feeding tube was removed twice and then replaced because of the legal battle between the husband and the parents, By Florida law, the husband, as spouse and guardian, had a legal right to serve as the surrogate decision maker for Terra. Her parents thought otherwise. A total of twenty-one lawsuits and appeals were filed. After the court finally established that there was clear and convincing evidence that Terra had previously stated that she did not want to live in a condition where she would be a burden to anyone else, the court ordered that the feeding tube be removed or a third and final time. Terra died thirteen days after (Hunter, n_d. N Because of this case, substituted judgment became the ethical and legal standard, with guardianship as the focal point regarding decision making for the withholding and withdrawing of treatment. All of these cases highlight the importance of having an advanced directive and the multitude Of legal complications associated with not having one. The main ethical issue regarding the withholding and Withdrawing Of treatment is Who is the appropriate surrogate decision maker for an incompetent person? As demonstrated in the previous legal cases, if there re no documented preferences, then there is a good chance for a legal dispute between the parties involved who think that they have the right to make that decision. The biggest challenge for a surrogate decision maker is for them to be able to make an unbiased substituted decision based on an understanding of what the patients would decide for themselves, and not the values of the surrogate. To assist the surrogate with making the proper decision, physicians should provide all relevant medical information and explain that decisions regarding withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment should be based hat substituted judgment when there is evidence to the patients preferences and values. In making a substituted judgment, surrogate decision makers may consider the patients advance directive, if any; the patients values about life and the way it should be lived; and the patients attitudes towards sickness, suffering, medical procedures, and death. If there is not adequate evidence of the incompetent patients preferences and values, then the decision should be based on the best interests of the patient including what outcome would most likely promote the patients well-being (Opinion 2. 20, n. D. )_ Because Of the Renville of autonomy the physician should almost always accept the surrogates decision for the incompetent patient. However, there are situations that may require either institutional or judicial review and/or intervention in the decision- making process. These include: there is no available family member willing to be the patients surrogate decision maker, there is a dispute among family members and there is no surrogate decision maker designated in an advanced directive, the physician believes that the familys decision is clearly not what the patient would have decided if competent, and the physician believes that the session is not a decision that could reasonably be judged to be in the patients best interests. .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3 , .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3 .postImageUrl , .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3 , .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3:hover , .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3:visited , .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3:active { border:0!important; } .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3:active , .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3 .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Drawing The Color Line Essay PaperWhen there are disputes among family members or between family and health care providers, the use of ethics committees specifically designed to facilitate sound decision making is recommended before resorting to the courts (Opinion 2. 20, n. D. ), No matter what decision the physician or the surrogate decision maker determines as the best course of action regarding the withholding and withdrawing of treatment, nurses need to give compassionate, excellent care to the patient. The family members need to feel a sense of inference that the nurses will maintain moral sensitivity with a course of right action. In fact, the American Nurses Association (ANA) in their Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements emphasizes that nurses must ethically support the provision of compassionate and dignified end-of-life care as long as nurses do not have the sole intention of ending a persons life (Butts Rich, 2013, p. 268). This course of right action includes the promotion of comfort, the relief of pain, and support of the family when the decision has been made to withhold or withdrawn treatment. The decision to withhold or withdraw treatment is an incredibly complex ethical issue.

American Africans Action in the Struggle for Equality

These are protests that came to prominence in the course of 1950s, which raised concern against the incessant discrimination and racial segregation experienced by the American Africans and other marginalized groups in the southern America.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on American Africans Action in the Struggle for Equality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Continued oppression against people of different color, race, politics, or even religion had inspired many young American Africans to join action in the struggle for equality (Chong 23). Some of the prominent figures in the Movement include Martin Luther King Jr, Malcolm X, W.E.B. Du Bois and Rosa Parks among others. Although the civil rights mass protest was officially formalized in the 1950s and 1960s, the fight for equality in various institutions of the U.S. had started long time ago. Community leaders in various segmentations of the society had sh owed resistance to the white supremacy and domination against the African Americans which had been abounded in some states. ‘Everyday’s Use’ written at the peak of the transformational movement, is a perfect expression and reflection of the issue of the aspects surrounding the civil rights movement. Set at the height of the social issue, the story is a real representation of the key aspects of the day. Here, the writer applies writing to highlight some of the main issues surrounding the Black Power Movement. Walker’s purpose on the story is achieved through the creative formation of characters who symbolize the plight of blacks and women as observed during those times. The movement was initially facilitated by the progressive efforts of the descendants of African slaves who had always tried to resist the institution of slavery upon them. Regular protests and campaigns of resistance were some of the common characteristics associated with this movement. Civi l disobedience and activities of nonviolent demonstrations and protests were also common. Sometimes, these would bear crisis scenarios between government authorities and the activists resulting to confrontations. Although it took many years for the issues highlighted in the movement to be addressed, the protests had significant impact to the modern world. Many changes were realized owing to the pressure of the movement. For instance, the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act were introduced in the years 1964 and 1965, respectively thus granting all American citizens basic civil privileges, regardless of their race and ethnicity. Alice Walker is a renowned female activist who was born and raised at a time when the Civil Right Movements in South U.S. was taking shape. At the height of the transitional movement, Alice, then a college student at Spelman, was lucky to meet and rub shoulders with some of the prominent players in the movement, such as Martin Luther King Jr. This inspi red her to become one of the strongest female activists in the American history.Advertising Looking for research paper on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Her contribution in the struggle for human rights and equality has continued to raise strong impact to the world. According to Tuten, Alice is a woman with many records in life and her largest contribution in life can be perceived through her countless struggles against discrimination and oppression (126). ‘Everyday’s Use’ is just one of her many writings about race and gender which raised much alert in the civil rights movement. Racism, feminism and the many issues frequently raised by young American Africans who’d tend to lose respect to the culture that gave birth to them are some of the issue that Alice explores in ‘Everyday’s Use.’ As it would be observed, the story in this essay is Walker’s respo nse to the social discourse of the 1950s and 1960s, when the civil rights movement took place. The writer has vividly expressed some of the issues that continue to plague modern American communities, as expressed through the lives of the characters in the story (Whitsitt 448). Economic, social, and political issues are illustrated in the story, through the family of the narrator, who is referred by the title of ‘Mama’ or Mrs. Johnson. The story strongly illustrates the big contrast between the narrator and Maggy, one of her two daughters who still share the same conservative life with her, and ‘Wangero’ or Dee, the educated daughter who scorns the culture that gave birth to her. As observed from this story, the writer has based the two sisters on aspects constituting her own character. Whereby Maggy represents her difficult childhood, Dee remains to be a vivid reflection of her latter life which is characterized by education and success; the two aspects tha t would enable her to take part in the civil rights movement. The two different positions represent the culture and the progress of the American Africans in mid-to late-twentieth-century times. The story is set in a time when the lives of American Africans were undergoing a radical transition. These groups of people were able to gain freedom of civil rights at last, through the glory of civil rights movement, after many years of oppression and discrimination from the whites (Gianturco and Tuttle 18). The final outcome reached on the story, is a representation of the results which succeeded the movement as American Africans started gaining recognition in various segments of the American society.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on American Africans Action in the Struggle for Equality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This freedom would see the emergence of a new generation that has contradicting views about c rucial aspects of life. As a matter of fact, the writer has used the story to defend the legacy of her family and culture and to pay homage to the initial inhabitants of the South, where she grew up. Works Cited Chong, Dennis. Collective action and the civil rights movement, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991. Print. Gianturco, Paola, and T. Tuttle. In her hands: craftswomen changing the world, New York: PowerHouse Books, 2004. Print. Tuten, Nancy. â€Å"Alice Walker’s Everyday Use.† The Explicator 51. 2 (1993): 125-128. Print. Whitsitt, Sam. â€Å"In Spite of It All: A Reading of Alice Walker’s Everyday Use.† African  American Review 34. 3 (2000): 443-459. Print. This research paper on American Africans Action in the Struggle for Equality was written and submitted by user Jazmin Bean to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Summary of Report Card Essay Example

Summary of Report Card Essay Example Summary of Report Card Essay Summary of Report Card Essay State Report Card Assessment Name: Instructor: State Report Card Assessment Summary of Report Card The Arbor Hill Elementary School located in Albany uses report cards to evaluate the progress of students during their study period. The school is administered by a Board of Regents who uses this assessment tool in a significant way to improve the learning standards for all learners. The report cards offer a wealth of information to the parents on the condition of elementary school using the federal and state accountability systems, on learner progress, and other measures used to evaluate the performance in the district and school. Knowledge obtained from the Arbor Hill report card is varied, detailed and important in enriching the instruction process among students. There are three main sections of the Arbor Hill Elementary School Report Card. The first part of the report card contains information on the school. The school profile contained information on the rate of enrollment of students from pre kindergarten to grade 12. From the records, it was evident that there was a steady increase in the enrollment rate from 231 in 2008 to 363 in 2011. The average class size also increased significantly from 14 in 2008 to 21 in 2011. This first section also contained information on the demographic factors including students who were eligible to have free meals, student stability and other statistics. The attendance and suspension statistics revealed information on the number of children who attended classes and those who were penalized through suspensions. Apart from these aspects, the other subsections included teacher qualifications, staff counts and the teacher turnover rates. The second section of the report card handles the accountability issues in the school. In this section, the requirements for the school of testing proficiency in mathematics, English language and another indicator are outlined. The proficiency parameters included criterion for participation and performance. The last section outlines the academic performance of the school and included records from the 2010-2011 academic years. The performance was categorized according to the three subjects: mathematics, English language and science. This data was presented in the form of graphs and tables that analyzed all the grades in the school. This summary and analysis of the report cards displays the extent to which valuable information can be gleaned from children’s activities at the school. Student Development Program Introduction This intervention program document provides direction on the best approach to develop and revise any plans for student improvement such as Single Plan for Student Achievement (SPSA). Although schools and districts in Albany may have different names for this plan document, this plan offers details that are necessary for improving subject performance among students in all schools. This document also offers instruments for formulating and reviewing the SPSA, including sections that assist in aligning the costs with the allocated funds awarded to Arbor Hill Elementary School and a yearly assessment form. Seven Recommended Steps for Developing the School Intervention Plan Apart from accomplishing the essential parts that appear in all school plans, the school intervention plan must satisfy the precise necessities of each definite program running in the school. The school intervention plan entails a constant formulation, execution, and observation cycle. The starting and completion date of the yearly planning cycle is a domestic decision. Nevertheless, every institution needs to implement an approved plan that will guide the operations within the school. The seven steps of this constant cycle are: Analyzing the student progress information The school intervention plan is based on analysis of data retrieved from students’ activities and other tests and evaluations such as the Standardized Testing and Reporting (STAR) assessments and other federal assessments. Using this information from several grades, the LEA and SSC can retrieve numerous data on student weaknesses, individual contributions and teachers’ flaws. Measuring effectiveness of current academic strategies at Arbor Hill Elementary School The school needs to carry out a needs assessment that will determine the effectiveness of the current instructional program. The results of the needs assessment will be evaluated against state tools such as Academic Program Surveys that will establish whether the program is relevant or not. Establishment of key goals and improvement strategies The school should come up with realistic and achievable objectives and targets concerning the intervention program. These objectives should be in line with the LEA goals but still reflect the interests of the school. Defining the timelines, costs and funding procedure Each of the goals set by the school requires a similar action prescribed by the SSC and LEA. Apart from an action, each goal also requires to b allocated to an individual who will be responsible for its completion, the source of funding and the costs involved. Recommending the reading intervention plan to the board After all the relevant committees have assessed and reviewed the document, they present the document to the local governing board who conduct their own evaluation. This evaluation is important, as it will determine whether the document will be approved for implementation or it will be faulted. The board assesses the document for several elements including proper constitutions, legal validity and ascertaining whether all the necessary programs were included in the document. Planned Development in Student Performance The Arbor Hill Elementary School has assessed the educational performance of all learning groups and has taken in mind the efficiency of vital elements of the teaching program for students that failed to achieve the academic performance index benchmark and satisfactory annual progress growth goals. Consequently, the school has adopted several objectives, related measures, and expenditures to improve the educational performance of learners that failed to achieve the state standards. One of the goals for THE Local Education Authority (LEA) can be to ascertain that all students would attain proficiency in English language Arts by 2014. The goal for Arbor Hill Elementary School can be to improve the school’s proficiency average to 70% or more. These goals were set after analyzing data from the District ELA Benchmark Assessments. Improvements across the whole school in understanding comprehension were realized over a period of three years under the intervention program. However, accomplishments for the English students group in understanding comprehension has remained constantly dismal, particularly for learners at the CELDT transitional and premature advanced stages, based on analysis of CST results. The Arbor Hill Elementary School will evaluate the status of the objective on a monthly basis. More of this evaluation process will be elaborated in the strategy section. The strategy for the school to implement the plan to improve academic performance is to implement an institution-wide studying intervention program to tackle the academic needs of readers who are weak as categorized by district benchmark assessments. The literacy team members are responsible for determining weak readers and identifying, assessing and choosing an academic intervention programs that are developed for the individual literacy requirements of English learners and weak students and will include continuing evaluations of student development. The exact responsibilities of the literacy team are to gather and scrutinize summative and formative information on ELA issues at the school and district level. A minor function of the literacy team is to recognize learners from each grade who required reading interventions and their specific literacy requirements. The next step is the implementation and assessment of the intervention program. This part of the program will be administered by a joint effort consisting of the literacy team and the leadership team. While it is headed by a joint team, the two parties have separate roles in the implementation stage. The literacy team is charged with the responsibility of formulating reading intervention resources and materials. It is also charged with acquiring complementary instructional materials and standard evaluations. Consequently, the leadership team is responsible for developing intervention program targets, service models, and instruction and learning expectations and results. They are also responsible for analysis and evaluation of district standardized benchmark assessments and intervention programs. The assessment of the intervention program will be conducted on several stages. On a daily basis, the instructors should offer additional reading material and attention for students who are below average or intermediate. On a weekly basis, the teams in charge of all the grades will have collaborative meetings where they engage in analysis of the data collected from the intervention program and develop action plans using the outcomes from these analyses. The program being implemented will also be evaluated on a monthly basis. Finally, on an annual basis, the teams will evaluate the intervention program objectives and determine if they were being realized or if the whole program was a failure. Within the intervention plan, several programs that make the plan more effective are include. These programs are implemented at the state and federal level and are detailed in nature. Examples of these programs include peer assistance, economic aid, violence prevention and drug abuse. Evaluation Process The state has outlined the measures to be taken when handling planned activities and this includes evaluating the effectiveness of the intervention program on an annual basis. This evaluation program is important as it will release data on the program and pave the way for other subsequent programs. These state bodies include School Site Council (SSC) and the Local Education Agency (LEA) who offer investigation and review the services of the intervention program before making recommendations on its validity and continuity. Through this evaluation process, schools such as Arbor Hill Elementary School can determine the weak points within their program and strive to refine their system. Typically, the reports from these institutions may include the degree of achievement of goals and the comparison with state and national standards. However, both the LEA and SSC have to be careful in making conclusions from the evaluations they perform. They should consider all the relevant elements that can influence the success of the intervention plan such as the level of change in enrollment and the degree of implementation. The proper implementation of the reading intervention plan will benefit the students by increasing their level of understanding and ease the instructors’ burden in the classroom.

Indians and Alcohol in Early America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Indians and Alcohol in Early America - Essay Example Professor Mancall fascination with other subjects -- Geography, for example, or other things Dutch -- served his writings as well, and also made for interesting subjects in his essays and short script pieces. A very important author, who deserves to be more widely translated,. Peter C. Mancall has a unique talent among contemporary History authors. Emphatically Europeans -- and the grand old man of contemporary Indian History --, his books easily transcends national borders. There is not anything regional about his writing. If anything symbolizes his writings, it is certain darkness and a certain message. The gloom is not oppressive in his writings particularly in his book "Deadly Medicine, Indians and Alcohol in Early America". Professor Mancall is not out to weigh his reader down. He is, however, a realist, and insists that certain things need be said. Teachers and students and workers are satisfied with his teachings and we as readers do not see many of his critics -- Peter C. Mancall will have none of that. He presents the fact, cruel as it seldom is. He feels no immense push for to round off his stories with ends in a meaningful ways.The message is also persistent: He shares a sense of how to employ it with ecstasy, drowning into deep history. Years of writing and teachings have giv... He is among the few male authors able to create particularly strong History environment. A gifted illustrator, he skills his books. The words alone suffice, but Peter C. Mancall illustrations and sense of presentation manage to improve even on these. There is no question: Peter C. Mancall is one of the major authors writing in History today. Review On "Deadly Medicine, Indians And Alcohol In Early America" This book "Deadly Medicine, Indians and Alcohol in Early America" consists of seven chapters excluding the prologue and epilogue. The book consists of 296 pages in all. The book basically describes alcohol since the American ancient times and its impact upon the early Indians who settled in early America. Alcohol violence has destroyed and ruined American Indians from the time of seventeenth century, when European colonist began doing business of furs and alcohol. In the first book to investigate the genesis of this current social crisis, Peter C. Mancall discovers the liquor's business overwhelming contact on the Indian societies of imposing America. The Professor Mancall pursues the track of liquor from the West Indian manufacturers to the regal vendors and on to the Indian customers in the eastern woods. To learn why Indians contributed in the alcohol business and why they practiced such a commanding longing for alcohol, he concentrate on present health views on alcoholism and re-inspects the colonial period as a time when Indians were outlining novel approaches for endurance on earth that had been fundamentally distorted. Lastly, Professor Mancall evaluates Indian consumption in New France and New Spain with that in the British settlements. Everlastingly devastating the label of t he

Homeland Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Homeland Security - Essay Example The essay "Homeland Security" talks about the illegal border crossings and human smuggling that are considered as imminent threats to homeland security. Within the context of the United States, the foretold issues are most important because they are interconnected with a global spread of terrorism. The problem of illegal border crossing and human smuggling are interconnected because the illegal immigrants seek the help of the human smugglers to enter the U.S. Zhang, makes clear that â€Å"In recent years human smugglers have focused their efforts on recruiting willing U.S. citizens to provide transportation services in the border area†. Besides, illegal border crossings mainly occur through the Mexican and Canadian borders. Most of the states in U.S. face the problem illegal immigration but the problem in severe in California, New York, and Illinois. The restrictions on immigration imposed by the federal government resulted in large scale illegal border crossings. The Southern border of the U.S. is used by the Mexicans for border crossing. The same route is used for human smuggling from different parts of the world. Illegal border crossings and human smuggling are controlled by powerful gangs for a profitable business. The flow of the illegal immigrants into the US is in terconnected with the phenomena of transnational population relocation. The problems surrounding the illegal alien in the US require a global view and suggest more diverse strategies than the history of immigration Law enforcement.

Research paper on carnival Essay Example for Free

Research paper on carnival Essay Mardi gras Just the name Mardi gras conjures up images of drunken, bead-wearing revelers dancing through the streets of New Orleans. But how, and when, did this huge mid-winter party get started? Heres a look at the history of Mardi gras throughout the ages and across the nations. Herman states, Historians tell us that the ancient Romans probably kicked off the Mardi gras celebrations. (pg. 115)Their mid-February festival known as Lupercalia honored the god Lupercus, alternately known as the god of fertility and the god of agriculture and pastoral shepherds. In either case, his party definitely had Mardi Gras-like qualities, including days of feasting and drinking. And a little enjoying the pleasures of the flesh, probably, too in fact, the term Carnival, often synonymous with Mardi gras, is derived from the Latin expression meaning farewell to the flesh. Like most of the ancient Roman and Greek festivals, Lupercalia was adopted and adapted by the Church as a way of subtly converting the local pagans to Christianity. The carnival-like celebration of Lupercalia thus morphed into a last fling before the beginning of the Lenten period. Lent refers to the 40 days of pertinence and purification celebrated between Ash Wednesday and Easter Sunday. During Lent, the religiously faithful refrain from a number of indulgences of the flesh, including eating meat. (pg. 220) What began as a Roman-based celebration quickly spread across the European continent. By medieval times, lords were hosting carnivals prior to Lent in honor of the conscription of their new knights. Each region and country celebrated their own traditions, but all were indulgent. [pic] In France, this period of revelry before Lent was especially raucous. In fact, the term Mardi gras is a French expression meaning Fat Tuesday likely referring to the indulgent nature of the pre-Lenten celebration. The name may have been more than just allegorical, however. Ancient pagans often marked their fertility ritual by parading a fattened ox through the town before sacrificing it. (lent pg. 101) It was also the French who brought the celebration to America. Many historians believe the party crossed the Atlantic Ocean in 1699, on the ship of a French explorer named Sieur dIber ville. The Frenchman landed in what is today Louisiana, just south of New Orleans, the heart of Americas modern-day Mardi Gras celebrations. In fact, his landing is believed to have coincided with the French celebration of Mardi gras, explaining his choice of name for his point of entry: Point du Mardi Gras. However, dispute the dIberville connection, contending that it was the early French settlers to Louisiana who introduced Mardi gras to America. Regardless of the precise origin, Mardi gras can clearly be attributed to a Franco-influence. By the mid 1820s, Mardi gras was firmly rooted in the New Orleans culture. Lent later states that Today, the citys celebrations are considered one of Americas biggest parties, with towns and cities throughout the Gulf Coast Region getting in on the fun. (112) Zulu (krewe of Mardi gras) Early in 1909, a group of laborers who had organized a club named The Tramps, went to the Pythian Theater to see a musical comedy performed by the Smart Set. The comedy included a skit entitled, There Never Was and Never Will Be a King like Me, about the Zulu Tribe. (herman pg. 201) The earliest signs of organization came from the fact that the majority of these men belonged to a Benevolent Aid Society. Benevolent Societies were the first forms of insurance in the Black community where, for a small amount of dues, members received financial help when sick or financial aid when burying deceased members. Conversations and interviews with older members also indicate that in that era the city was divided into wards and each ward had its own group or Club. The Tramps were one such group. After seeing the skit, they retired to their meeting place (a room in the rear of a restaurant/bar in the 1100 block of Perdido Street), and emerged as Zulus. (pg 210). According to herman, This group was probably made up of members from the Tramps, the Benevolent Aid Society and other ward-based groups. While the Group marched in Mardi gras as early as 1901, their first appearance as Zulus came in 1909, with William Story as King. The group wore raggedy pants, and had a Jubilee-singing quartet in front of and behind King Story. His costume of lard can crown and banana stalk scepter has been well documented. The Kings following William Story, (William Crawford 1910, Peter Williams 1912, and Henry Harris 1914), were similarly attired. (pg. 214). 1915 heralded the first use of floats, constructed on a spring wagon, using dry good boxes. The float was decorated with palmetto leaves and moss and carried four Dukes along with the King. That humble beginning gave rise to the lavish floats we see in the Zulu parade today. On September 20, 1916, in the notorial office of Gabriel Fernandez, the Zulu Social Aid and Pleasure Club were incorporated. Twenty-t wo of the organizations officers and members signed the first official document. The Geddes and Moss Funeral Home, located on Washington Avenue, played an integral part in Zulus beginning, and have continued to do so throughout the years. The first official toast of King Zulu and his Queen is held at this establishment each year. Zulus were not without their controversies, either. In the 1960s during the height of Black awareness, it was unpopular to be a Zulu. Dressing in a grass skirt and donning a black face were seen as being demeaning. Large numbers of black organizations protested against the Zulu organization, and its membership dwindled to approximately 16 men. James Russell, a long-time member, served as president in this period, and is credited with holding the organization together and slowly bringing Zulu back to the forefront. (pg. 220) In 1968, Zulus route took them on two major streets; namely, St. Charles Avenue and Canal Street, for the first time in the modern era to see the Zulu parade, you had to travel the so-called back streets of the Black neighborhoods. The segregation laws of this period contributed to this, and Zulu tradition also played a part. In those days, neighborhood bars sponsored certain floats and, consequently, the floats were obligated to pass those bars. Passing meant stopping, as the bars advertised that the Zulus will stop here! Once stopped at a sponsoring bar, it was often difficult to get the riders out of the establishment, so the other floats took off in different directions to fulfill their obligations. Zulu has grown tremendously over the years. This continual growth is credited to the members for their love, loyalty and dedication to this organization. In 1978, the organization opened its doors to their new home, a two-story frame building houses a lounge downstairs for members and guests to enjoy themselves. Of all the throws to rain down from the many floats in the parades during carnival, the Zulu coconut or Golden Nugget is the most sought after. The earliest reference to the coconut appears to be about 1910 when the coconuts were given from the floats in their natural hairy state. Some years later there is a reference to Lloyd Lucus, the sign painter, scraping and painting the coconuts. This was the forerunner to the beautifully decorated coconuts we see today. (pg. 229) With the proliferation of lawsuits from people alleging injury from thrown coconuts, the organization was unable to get insurance coverage in 1987. So that year, the honored tradition was suspended. After much lobbying, the Louisiana Legislature passed SB188, aptly dubbed the Coconut Bill, which excluded the coconut from liability for alleged injuries arising from the coconuts handed from the floats. On July 8, 1988, then-governor Edwards signed the bill into law. (pg. 233) Carnival in the Caribbean Hundreds of years ago followers of the Catholic religion in Italy started the tradition of holding a wild costume festival right before Lent. Because Catholics are not supposed to eat meat during Lent, they called their festival, carnevale-which means to put away meat. (internet site: â€Å"caribbean carnival†)As time passed, carnivals in Italy became quite famous. The practice spread to France, Spain and Portugal. As these Catholic countries began to take control of the Americas and other parts of the world, they brought with them their tradition of celebrating Carnival. In many parts of the world, where Catholic Europeans set up colonies and entered into slave trade, carnival took root. Today Carnival celebrations are found throughout the Caribbean. Traditions of the cultures have come together and especially African dance and music traditions transformed the early European carnival traditions in the Americas. Important to the Caribbean festival arts are the ancient African traditions of parading and moving in circles through villages in costumes and masks. These traditions were believed to bring good fortune, to heal problems and chill out angry spirits. Caribbean carnival traditions also borrow from the African culture the tradition of creating pieces of sculpture, masks and costumes. For the Caribbean people carnival became an important way to express their rich cultural traditions. It takes many months of coming up with a theme or overall concept and developing costumes for the dancers. Lots of creativity, energy and patience is put into work such as welding, painting, sewing, gluing, applying feathers, sequins and glitter. Carnival groups, entertained by music orchestras, parade and dance wearing costumes depicting a common theme. When Carnival first began it was celebrated from December 26 until Shrove Tuesday (the day before Ash Wednesday). Nowadays Carnival festivities and activities are being held year-round in the Caribbean. The dates on which Carnival celebrations such as; music competitions, festivals, concerts, street jump-ups, beauty pageants, balls, parades etc. take place may vary from country to country, from island to island. For days, sometimes weeks, the people of the Caribbean express themselves socially and artistically and sheer joy with visitors from all over the world. (internet sit â€Å"Caribbean carnival†)Everyone, including the spectators, is part of the celebrations. Antigua and Bermuda The festivities reveal the many influences that formed the Antiguan society, cultural, social and political. Over the years cultural elements from countries like Venezuela, Brazil, Holland, Colombia and the United States have slipped into the Antiguan community and blended with and into the unique world famous carnival celebration with its typical characteristics of creativity and rhythm, dance happiness, Flamboyant costumes, Beauty pageants, Talent shows, and Great music. All these and more define a fantastic celebration of happiness that is the Antigua Carnival. In retrospect, the Antigua Carnival dates back in August 1 of 1834 when slavery was entirely abolished. In 1666, it was ravaged by French inhabitants but was soon conquered by the British and was formally restored to them by the Treaty of Breda. It all started when the local natives immediately went to the streets to express their joyful celebration of freedom. As the years passed by, it continued not until in 1957 where it was declared an official Antigua Carnival. (oduber pg. 97) Since then, the Antigua Carnival has developed into ten days packed with revelry in a glitzy manner of dance to the beat of the Calypso. It includes marches, jump-ups and shows which always took place around the last week of July up to the first week of August. The Antigua Carnival is undeniably the best time for tourists to immerse with the culture of this Caribbean island. If you head to the city, you are fortunate to witness the Pan Ban, a steel orchestra, practicing for the event.(oduber pg. 99) They go by troupes as they set up a Mas Camp, a base where their intricate wardrobes are made. It is also the starting point as they walk to the metropolis to open the Antigua Carnival. The lively event culminates by a massive road party called J’ouvert, which means â€Å"day break†. Everybody is literally on their feet as they sway to the beat of the dr ums from the young night until the middle morning. Barbados (Crop over) Masquerading was an old African tradition, where they paraded in masks and costumes through the villages to bring good luck and to remove evil spirits. Originally materials for costumes were natural things such as; grass, beads, bones, etc. Head-pieces and Masks were made of feathers to symbolize that people can spiritually rise above anything. Most European colonies within the Caribbean who were part of the slave trade have Carnival or Carnival-like celebrations. (praiser pg. 23)Now in large countries like USA, Canada and England, where they are Caribbean communities you will find Carnival celebrations. The History of Crop Over The end of the sugar cane harvest, or Crop Over as it is almost always referred to, has long been the occasion for celebration. In what seems to be the earliest reference to the Crop Over festival, we find the manager of Newton Plantation writing in 1788 to the estates owner in England, telling him that he had held a dinner and sober dance for the slaves, saying: twas a celebration of Harvest Time after the crop. (housman pg. 304) Many aspects of plantation life in Barbados carried on unchanged after the end of slavery, and the Crop Over festival likewise continued. Never the less there must have been an important difference in the way in which the festival was perceived. Before emancipation, the planter had no choice but to support his slaves, well or badly as the case might have been, all year round. After 1838, for most people Crop Over meant not just the end of a period of hard work, but also the beginning of a period of less work and lower wages. For many the interval between tw o crops would indeed have been hard times, and the symbol of these, perhaps not invented until after Emancipation, was the figure of a man stuffed with trash (the dried leaves of the sugar cane plant) which was known as Mr. Harding. (pg. 311) Mr. Harding was formally introduced to the manager of the plantation, and, according to some accounts, later burnt as part of the celebrations which must have had a tinge of desperation to them as people strove to enjoy themselves while they could. The festival was apparently fairly common at the beginning of the present century, by which time the name Crop Over seems to have ousted that of Harvest Time. A procession of carts would bring the last canes to the plantation yard, the draught animals being decorated with flamboyant, frangipani and other flowers, whilst brightly colored kerchiefs would be tied like flags to the canes. The laborers would parade around the yard, and it was at this point that that they would introduce Mr. Harding to the manager, after which they would adjourn for a dance, for the manager or the owner of the estate would normally contribute some salt meat and rum. Even by 1940 Crop Over was being described as a custom which has very nearly died out, according to Housman (pg. 316), and the continuing decline of sugar and the growing availability of other sources of employment had put an end to much of traditional plantation life. The modern Crop Over, revived by the Board of Tourism in 1974 and now administered by the National Cultural Foundation, pays tribute to the fact that sugar is still important in Barbados and the immense influence which it has had on our history. The present day festival is very different from the old time Crop Over, but it continues as a tradition by offering a thrilling celebration of many aspects of Bajan Culture, old and new. CROP-OVER CARNIVAL Crop-over has become the centerpiece of Barbados culture, a process enriched by much history, a savvy visitor promotional sense, and the great nearby pre-Lenten Carnival of Trinidad Tobago. Conga-line from April 22 May 01 begins with the longest Conga line in the Caribbean and features a series of concerts at the Malibu Conga line Village. May 1 is the finale, where bands, floats and Carnival goers take part in the May Day Parade, The Caribbeans largest summer Carnival begins on the first Saturday with the Decorated cart and float opening and Gala crop-over opening. (praiser pg.31) This parade begins at Bridgetown Independence Square in the early afternoon and finishes at the National Stadium. Here, the opening ceremony takes place with the ceremonial delivery of the last canes and the crowning of the king and queen of the festival followed by an excellent night of entertainment and socializing. The festival, revived in 1974 following a 30-year hiatus, continues to grow and evolve with the culture. Unlike most Carnivals whose roots are in spring, Crop-over is a harvest festival dating back centuries to the end of the sugar cane season. The end to all the grueling and arduous work was marked by the final delivery of canes to the mill. Surely a cause for song, dance and general jubilation, as such, the workers would begin the festivities by boisterously telling each other CROP OVER. Folk Concerts celebrating the emancipation from slavery are popular events during the Carnival season the last Carnival weekend features the most important Carnival events. On Friday, there will be the Pic-O-De-Crop Finals at the National Stadium. The next night in the wee hours of Sunday morn, the Fore-Day morning jump-up will go down from 2am till dawn. Before this special event is the steelpan competition. Cohobblopot is a huge carnival-like show where the most popular calypsonians and bands perform on Carnival Sunday night. The Calypso Contest is one of the worlds best even though it features primarily local talent. Before the best singer/songwriters of the season are chosen, the talent will perform their new compositions at many venues or tents. These tents, with names like Super Gladiators, Conquerors, House of Soca, Pioneers and Stray Cats, play an important role in deciding who will win the title of Party Monarch, Road March Monarch and the Pic-O-De-Crop Monarch. The King and Queen of the bands competition is also an important part of the Cohobblopot Sunday show. Get tickets in advance since the National Stadium can sell out, particularly with all the talk about not allowing it to be broadcast on free TV. (pg. 37) All this buildup makes for a memorable Grand Finale, or as they say at Barbados Crop-over, the Grand Kadooment. Here, over two dozen large costumed bands will go dancing down de road inviting everyone to jump up with them as they make their way to the ocean surf. (pg. 42) Tuk: Indigenous to Barbados, its a combination of African and British military rhythms with the musicians dressed in minstrel like costumes creating music from kettledrums, bass drums and whistles. They play sounds like marching band music, old-time waltzes and almost always end with an African beat. According to praier, This is a great spectacle to see. ( pg. 51) The musicians are as serious about their music as any steelband man. Although a part of the old era, it is still very alive and a part of the modern day celebrations with completions staged during Crop Over. Calypso Soca: Although calypso is indigenous to Trinidad, it now holds a very prominent place in the Crop over Celebration. Like Trinidad Carnival, it has all the trimmings, the Tents, parties, semi-finals judging and then to the Calypso Monarch finals, which take place just before Grand Kadooment. The Bajan artistes are holding their own with this art form and have even created new forms like Ringband and Ragga-soca, a definite invention of the Bajan calypsonians. (pg. 55) Steelband: Borrowed from Trinidad, the Bajans have taken it, and now the popularity and growth of the steelband in Barbados is phenomenal, states praiser. (pg. 68) with every year seeing the improvement of the sound and quality of the music to the extent that steelband has now taken a place on the curriculum of many of the schools on the island. Grand Kadooment: The grand finale, a parade of the costumed bands for the final competition for Designer of the Year Crown. The revelers are dressed in elaborate costumes depicting various themes dancing to music playing from the most popular bandstands, with disc jockeys winding their way down to Spring Garden where they would be judged for this coveted crown. (pg. 73) St. Vincent and the Grenadines (â€Å"vincy mas†) History Hugh Ragguette, a name that is synonymous with Carnival in St. Vincent explained to The Vincentian that the historic roots of Carnival lie in deep antiquity: since at the dawn of history, man celebrated several festivals of which Carnival was one. The Kalinagos and other indigenous peoples who inhabited St. Vincent had their festivals. With the introduction of slavery, the Africans with their varying cultures and rich variety added to those expressions. Although the practice of wearing mas' came from Africa and was subsequently adopted by the Greek and Romans, it was actually the French who celebrated carnival in the Caribbean as the highlight of the year. After the British supplanted the French, the practice continued. The wearing of Mas in carnival was introduced by the Pope in Rome in 1494 and then spread throughout Europe. (Sutty pg. 37) Naturally, the slaves participated in these festivals at a different level. â€Å"The slaves would have noted and participated in the festival, albeit at a different level. Naturally, they were not invited to the mas balls and dances.† stated however, when chattel slavery ended, the freed slaves embraced carnival and turned it into a callaloo pot, adding elements of the respective cultures.(pg 38) They took to the streets and displayed the theatrical spectacle they had created and to vent their subdued creative abilities. These street marches took place on the Monday and Tuesday before Ash Wednesday. Unable to chain the hands and feet of the slaves any longer, in 1892, he related, the colonial Governor banned the festival claiming that the revellers were lashing out at each other and observers with whips. Ragguette held another opinion, â€Å"The main reason was to suppress the people’s culture and their peculiar African expressions. The coloniser could not understand these expressions and wanted to stifle them.† The fire that burnt within slavery was reduced to mere embers and in 1879, fuelled by the unchainable African spirit it le apt into flames again. In 1899, the people decided that come what may, ban or no ban, which they were going to celebrate. They began the celebrations as early as the Friday preceding Ash Wednesday. As a result, the colonisers brought out what was termed the armed might of the Empire. (pg 44) The people resisted and a riot broke out, writing the Carnival Riots of the 11th and 12th February into this country’s history books. From then on, Carnival has been a part of St.Vincent’s culture. Four years later, carnival fever spread to Trinidad in the south where the festival had been banned resulting in the Comboule Riots. throughout the years people have built on and experimented with the components of Carnival; to the extent Trinidadians have invented a musical instrument in the form of the steel pan to provide accompanying music to its calypso. ( pg. 47). By 1973, it was virtually impossible to hold all the Carnival shows during the Wednesday and Tuesday period. â€Å"Our pan, our calypso, and particularly our Mas has reached a level of development that it needed to spread its wings outside the Catholic Christian Carnival to a more embracing festival,† Ragguette commented. (pg. 49) Since the festival was held so soon after Christmas and the length of time available for shows coupled with the fact the Trinidad and Tobago, whom Ragguette stated â€Å"had run away with title of king of Carnival in the world and boasted of having the greatest show on earth,† held its Carnival around the same time, it was necessary to move the festival to another season. The June-July period was decided as most suitable. (pg. 50) With more time to work, the CDC wanted to introduce a Caribbean component into its programme. Antigua and Barbuda already had a Caribbean Calypso Competition and the organisation could not get beyond the logistics of a Caribbean Pan or King and Queen of the Bands competition. sutty explained that it was felt that a show should be organised to showcase â€Å"the beauty and profound intelligence of our Caribbean women†. (pg. 53). This resulted in the birth of Miss Caribbean Carnival Miss Carnival. Trinidad Carnivals principal components are calypso, steelpan and playing mas (masquerade). In the historic capital City of Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, these elements are harmoniously structured to form a five day ritual pageant beginning with the King Queen Contest (Friday), Panorama (Saturday), Dimanche Gras (Sunday), JOuvert (Monday) and the Parade of the Bands (Tuesday). (green pg 57) These main events and countless others build to an unforgettable epiphany of beauty and stunning display of the irrepressible human spirit before concluding and allowing the quiet first day of Lent and reflection known as Ash Wednesday to be admitted to consciousness. [pic]The genesis of this worlds greatest Carnival has been attributed to the many cultures of Trinidad and their interaction. While the African influence is predominant, the Carnival carries an overriding theme of unity, a central part of this unique cultures mythology. Trinidads namesake, the holy Trinity is blessed as the unifying principle. This is the countrys well known motto, resting at the base of the ubiquitous and striking TT Coat of Arms reads, Together we Aspire, Together we achieve. (pg 59).Yet the wisdom lies in paradox for there is no Carnival with more intense competition than Trinidads. [pic]Today Trinidads model for public celebration is the most widely imitated festival art form in the world. Many Trinidadian Carnival artists are able to work year round performing throughout North America, Europe, and the Caribbean. J’ouvert Jab Jab The name of this mas is derived from the French patois for Diable Diable. It is pretty devil mas. The costume consists of a Kandal or satin knickers, and satin shirt with points of cloth at the waist, from which bells hang. On the chest, there is a shaped cloth panel which is decorated with swansdown, rhinestones and mirrors. Stockings and alpagatas are worn on the feet, while the headdress consists of a hood with stuffed cloth horns. The costume can come in alternating colors and be divided into front and back panels. (pg 61) The Jab Jab has a thick whip of plaited hemp which he swings and cracks threateningly. These whips can reduce the costumes of other Jab Jabs to threads. It is not to be confused with Jab Molassie. JAB MOLASSIE Jab is the French patois for Diable (Devil), and Molassie is the French patois for Mà ©lasse (Molasses). (pg 62)The Jab Molassie is one of several varieties of devil mas played in Trinidad and Tobago carnival. The costume consists of short pants or pants cut off at the knee, and a mask and horns. The jab malassie would carry chains, and wear locks and keys around his waist, and carry a pitch fork. He may smear his body with grease, tar, mud or colored dyes (red, green or blue). The jab molassie wines or gyrates to a rhythmic beat that is played on tins or pans by his imps. While some of his imps supply the music, others hold his chain, seemingly restraining him as he pulls against them in his wild dance. The differences among the various forms of devil mas were once distinct, but have become blurred over time. Trinidads carnival is a gorgeous paradigm of how carnival can connect the entire world. In this Trinidad little nation, the lifestyle and customs of various cultures come collectively for a short five days every year, the entire country stops thinking about their dissimilarities to celebrate life! Similar to many other countries under colonial rule, the history of Native Americans and African people in Trinidad is atrocious and a sad story. At different times England and Spain both maintained Trinidad as their colonies. Around 1785, Carnival was introduced to Trinidad. The French settlers started to arrive. The custom caught on rapidly, and fancy balls were held where the rich planters pretend masks, and beautiful dresses, wigs, and dance the whole night. The employ of masks had particular meaning for the slaves, as for several African peoples, masking is usually used in their rituals for the dead. Evidently banned from the masked balls of the French, the slaves would grasp their own tiny carnivals in their gardens — using their folklore and own rituals. However they also imitate their masters’ manners at the masked balls. Carnival has turned out to be a way to convey their authority as individuals for African people, and also for their rich cultural traditions. (pg. 102) The slavery was eradicated after 1838, the Africans were freed and started to host their individual carnival celebrations in Trinidad streets. This carnival developed progressively and sophisticated and rapidly became trendier than the balls. Nowadays, Trinidad carnival is like a mirror that reflects the faces the many immigrant nations from Africa, India, China and Europe. Carnival is such a significant aspect of life in Trinidad, as many schools trust that funding/ sponsoring a carnival band is a way to train youngsters about their culture and roots. According to green, Hundreds of schools and community organizations contribute in Trinidad’s Kiddies Carnival. In this fashion, communities’ works as one to build up strong friendships and good respect for the various cultures that make up Trinidad. (pg. 59) Bibliography â€Å"Caribbean carnival† Caribseek.comhttp://www.caribseek.com/adventure_and_entertainment/carnivals/caribbean-carnival.shtml. â€Å"Carnival in Trinidad.† Mustard.org.early 1985 carnival in Trinidad†¦evolution and symbolic menaing.21 February 2008 http://www.mustard.org.uk/articles/trinidad.htm. Cowley, John. Carnival, Canboulay and Calypso: Traditions in the Making. Trinidad: Macmillan Caribbean May 4, 1988 Green, Garth L. Trinidad Carnival: The Cultural Politics of a Transnational Festival. Massasetucheuts: Harper smith, 2005 Herman, Wouk. Don’t stop the carnival. USA: Doubleday, 1965 Housman, Gerald â€Å"The kebra nagast: the lost bible of Rastafarian wisdom and faith from Ethiopia and Jamaica.† (July 1979): 299-671 Lent, A John. Caribbean popular culture. Michigan: bowling green state university popular press, 2006. Pariser, Harry S. Explore Barbados. Manatee Press: 3 edition October 2007 Razak, Victoria M. Carnival in Antigua. Boston: Cenda Pub; 1 edition May 1, 1998 Riggio, Milla Co. Carnival: Culture in Action The Trinidad Experience (Worlds of Performance). Routt ledge: Pablo Delano, 2004: Sutty, Lesley. St Vincent and the Grenadines. Caribbean: 2 edition September 2002 Oduber, Vanja. Antigua carnival. New York: Chauvenheid Graphic Group 1996

Chemical Basis of Life :: essays research papers

Chapter 4 The Chemical Basis of Life Introduction †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Your body is an elaborate chemical system. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chemical signals between brain less enable your mind to understand what you see. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You nourish those cells with chemicals that are obtained from food. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Life is all about chemicals and how they interact Concept 4.1 Life requires about 25 chemical elements Elements †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Humans and other organisms are examples of matter. Matter: Anything that occupies space and has mass. (Physical things) †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The various forms of matter are composed of one or more chemical elements. Element: A pure substance that cannot be broken down into smaller substances by chemical means †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are 25 elements are essential to life. Four of these elements are Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Nitrogen (N). These make up about 96% of the living matter in your body. Calcium (CA), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), sulfur (S), and a few other elements account for most of the remaining 4%. Trace Elements: elements that make up less that 0.01 percent of your body mass are nevertheless critical to your health. Compounds †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most elements can interact with other elements forming complex types of matter called compounds. Compound: A substance containing two or more elements that are chemically combined in a fixed ratio. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Compounds properties may differ greatly from those of its components. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Though simple compounds like sodium chloride and water play important roles in living things, most compounds found in organisms are more complex, containing at least three or four elements. Concept 4.2 Chemical properties are based on the structure of atoms. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Different elements have different properties. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some are solid metal at room temperature, some are invisible gases, some elements readily react with other elements, whiles others hardly react at all. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These properties affect the roles that different elements play in biological processes. This section describes how an elements properties to its structure. Atoms †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Each element consists of a single kind of atom that is different from the atoms of all other elements. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Atom- gets its name from the Greek word atomos, meaning â€Å"indivisible† is the smallest possible â€Å"Pierce†Ã¢â‚¬â€it would take more than tree million carbon atoms to stretch across the period printed at the end of this sentence. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Atoms are all elements are made up of even smaller components called subatomic particles. Proton: Is a subatomic particle with a single unit of positive electrical charge. Electron: is a subatomic particle with a unit of negative charge. Neutron: is electrically neutral. Nucleus: is the center of an atom. It is made up of tightly packed protons and neutrons. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Electrons, which have much less mass than neutrons and protons continually, move about the outside of the nucleus at great speed. Chemical Basis of Life :: essays research papers Chapter 4 The Chemical Basis of Life Introduction †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Your body is an elaborate chemical system. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chemical signals between brain less enable your mind to understand what you see. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You nourish those cells with chemicals that are obtained from food. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Life is all about chemicals and how they interact Concept 4.1 Life requires about 25 chemical elements Elements †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Humans and other organisms are examples of matter. Matter: Anything that occupies space and has mass. (Physical things) †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The various forms of matter are composed of one or more chemical elements. Element: A pure substance that cannot be broken down into smaller substances by chemical means †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are 25 elements are essential to life. Four of these elements are Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Nitrogen (N). These make up about 96% of the living matter in your body. Calcium (CA), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), sulfur (S), and a few other elements account for most of the remaining 4%. Trace Elements: elements that make up less that 0.01 percent of your body mass are nevertheless critical to your health. Compounds †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most elements can interact with other elements forming complex types of matter called compounds. Compound: A substance containing two or more elements that are chemically combined in a fixed ratio. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Compounds properties may differ greatly from those of its components. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Though simple compounds like sodium chloride and water play important roles in living things, most compounds found in organisms are more complex, containing at least three or four elements. Concept 4.2 Chemical properties are based on the structure of atoms. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Different elements have different properties. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some are solid metal at room temperature, some are invisible gases, some elements readily react with other elements, whiles others hardly react at all. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These properties affect the roles that different elements play in biological processes. This section describes how an elements properties to its structure. Atoms †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Each element consists of a single kind of atom that is different from the atoms of all other elements. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Atom- gets its name from the Greek word atomos, meaning â€Å"indivisible† is the smallest possible â€Å"Pierce†Ã¢â‚¬â€it would take more than tree million carbon atoms to stretch across the period printed at the end of this sentence. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Atoms are all elements are made up of even smaller components called subatomic particles. Proton: Is a subatomic particle with a single unit of positive electrical charge. Electron: is a subatomic particle with a unit of negative charge. Neutron: is electrically neutral. Nucleus: is the center of an atom. It is made up of tightly packed protons and neutrons. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Electrons, which have much less mass than neutrons and protons continually, move about the outside of the nucleus at great speed.