Matching up Nicknames With Given Names

It can be hard enough to find great-grandma Jenny without having to figure out if she could also be Jane, Janet, Jeanette, Jennett, Jennifer, or Virginia. But it is common in many genealogical records, especially more informal records such as census records and obituaries, to find your ancestors listed under names you might not expect. In many cases, these names may have been the nicknames that they were known by to their family, friends and business associates — no different for our ancestors than it is today. List of Nicknames for First Names Nicknames can sometimes be difficult to catch, however. Kim as a nickname for Kimberly is fairly straightforward, but Polly as a nickname for Mary and Peggy as a nickname for Margaret have tripped up many researchers. Sometimes nicknames were formed by adding a y or ey to the end of a name or part of a name — i.e. Johnny for John or Penny for Penelope. Other times the name was shortened in some manner — i.e. Kate for Katherine. But sometimes it is just a matter of knowing which nicknames were commonly used in a particular time and  place. Thats why it is important, as a genealogist, to familiarize yourself with commonly used nicknames and their corresponding given names. Do not forget, however, that what appears to be a nickname isnt always. Many nicknames became so popular that they later came to be bestowed as given names. My fathers name is Larry — which is  not  short for Lawrence as many might assume. And my great-grandmother really was baptized as Effie, not Euphemia or Evelyn. Scroll down to explore this list of common nicknames associated with popular given names to determine the various ways in which your ancestor might appear in genealogical records. These are just some of the most common possible given name/nickname variations, but certainly not all. While researching, keep in mind that the same nickname might be associated with different given names, and the same individual might show up with different nicknames in different records. Nickames Given Names Bell, Bella, Belle Arabelle, Anabelle, Belinda, Elizabeth, Isabel, Isabella, Mirabel, Rosabel Belle Mabel, Sybil Bess, Bessie, Bessy, Beth, Bette, Bettie, Bettie, Betsy, Betsey, Bitsy Elizabeth, Elisabeth Bird, Birdie Alberta, Albertine, Roberta Bob, Bobby Robert Bobbi, Bobbie Roberta Boots Bertha Bridey, Brie Bridget Carrie, Carry Caroline, Carolina, Charlotte Cindy, Cindie Cynthia, Cinthia, Lucinda Daisy Margaret Dan, Danny Daniel, Sheridan Dee Audrey, Deanne, Deanna, Denise Delia Adelia, Adele, Cordelia Dell, Della, Delly Adelaide, Adela, Cordelia, Deliverance, Delores Dick Richard Dobbin, Dobby, Dob Robert Dode, Dody Dorothy, Theodore Dora Dorothy, Eudora, Theodora Dot, Dotty, Dottie Dorothy Ed, Eddie, Eddy Edgar, Edmund, Edward, Edwin, Edwina Effie, Effy Euphemia, Evelyn Eliza Elizabeth, Elisabeth Ella, Ellie Eleanor, Elenora Erma Emaline, Emily Fannie, Fanny Frances Frankie Frances (female), Francis (male), Franklin Genie Eugenia Ginger, Ginny Virginia Greta Margaret, Margaretha Hal Harold, Henry Hank, Harry Henry Hattie Harriet, Harriett Hettie Esther, Henrietta, Hester Jack John Jamie James, Jameson Jenny Jane, Janet, Jeanette, Jennett, Virginia Jim, Jimmy James Jock, Johnnie, Johnny John Kate, Katy, Katie, Kay, Kit, Kitty, Kittie Katherine Lena Angelina, Caroline, Helena, Magdalena, Paulina, Selena, etc. Lisa, Lise, Liz, Lizzie Elizabeth, Elisabeth Lucy Lucinda Madge, Maggie, Midge Margaret Mamie Mary Marty, Martie, Mattie Martha May Mary Meg, Megan Margaret Millie, Milly Amelia, Mildred Moll, Mollie, Molly Mary Nell, Nellie, Nelly Eleanor, Elenora, Ellen, Helen, Helena Nora Eleanor, Elenora, Honora, Honoria Ollie Olive, Olivia, Oliver Pat, Patsy, Patty, Pattie Martha, Matilda, Patricia, Patience Peg, Peggy Margaret Penny Penelope Polly, Pollie Mary, Paula Rich, Richy, Rick Richard Rob, Robbie, Robby Robert (male), Roberta (female) Robin Robert, Roberta Ron Aaron, Ronald Ronnie Aaron, Ronald, Veronica Sadie, Sally, Sallie Sarah Sam, Sammy, Sammie Samuel, Samson, Samantha Sukie, Suchie, Suchy Susan, Susanna, Susannah Tad Theodore Ted, Teddy Edward, Theodore Terry, Tess, Tessie, Tessa, Tracy Theresa, Teresa Theo Theodore Tilly Temperance Tillie Matilda, Mathilda Tina Christina Trina Catherine, Katherine Virgie Virginia Winnie Winefred, Winifred

The American Government s Involvements And Influences On...

Question: What are the American government’s involvements and influences in the Internet compare to Chinese government? Thesis: The United States’ government had played the most important role of developing Internet, and did a great contribution certainly. However, Chinese government had a very different attitudes with American government for Internet at last century when Internet started developing because of some domestic factors. Later, Chinese government changed its attitudes and behaviors. The Internet began developing so fast and played more and more important roles in both countries, but with many problems, Internet censorship is one of the most important problem has to be solved. Content: Nowadays, Internet becomes a very†¦show more content†¦They saw a great potential value of Internet in scientific and military field, and sharing the informations. J.C.R. Licklider of MIT was one of the visionary people. He’s the first one who proposed the global network. Then the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) took over the program of developing global network at late 1962 with MIT and University of California at Los Angeles. At 1965, they connected a Massachusetts’ computer with a California computer which was a big progress. Robert moved to DARPA and started his plan for ARPANET which was the real start of the Internet’s life. At 1969, during the Cold War, the program’s purpose changed to to aid researchers in the process of sharing information, and not coincidentally to study how communications could be maintained in the event of nuclear attack. Fortunately, with the developed of Internet technique. It’s usage became wider. Like later the emergence of ARPANET include many usages such as file transfer, sent e-mail, and even online discuss. In 1973, APRA continued a program named â€Å"Internetting Project† for to develop communication protocols which would allow networked computers to communicate transparently across multiple, linked packet networks. The development of Internet had never stopped. By 1980s, private could use Internet which we called â€Å"TCP/IP†, and it was funded by National

Withdholding and Withdrawing Treatment Essay Example For Students

Withdholding and Withdrawing Treatment Essay The majority Of Americans do not have an advanced directive in place. An advanced directive is a written expression of a persons wishes about medical care, especially are during a terminal or critical illness (Butts Rich, 2013, p. 255). Advanced directives can be self-written instructions or prepared by someone else as instructed by the patient. These will become instructions about their future healthcare for other to follow. Some of the issues that need to be addressed in these advanced directives include specific treatments to be refused or desired; the time the directive needs to take effect; specific hospitals and physicians to be used; what lawyer, it any, should be consulted; and any other consultations, such as family or a religious figure (Butts Rich, 2013, p. 255). These advanced receives will be utilized it the patient loses their decision-making capacity and has been rendered incompetent due to their symptoms. The problem arises when the patient does not have this advanced directive. When the patient can no longer make competent decisions, the family might experience difficulty in trying to determine a progressive right course of action. When a patient loses their autonomous decision-making capacity, the decision making falls to a surrogate. A surrogate decision marker is an individual, usually a family member, who acts on behalf of the patient to make decisions about the patients treatment options Butts Rich, 2013, p. 257). Decisions about treatment options can be complex. The surrogate, in absence Of an advanced directive, must consult the attending physician, other family members, and other healthcare providers in order to make the best decision for the patient. Fortunately for surrogates there are ethical principles that can govern their decisions. One of them in particular can be Of comfort to the surrogate. Withholding and Withdrawing treatment from a terminally ill or permanently unconscious patient allows a natural dying process to take its course. It does not constitute killing or assisted suicide (Butts Rich, 013, p. 2571 Medical futility can influence the decision to withhold or withdraw treatment. Medical futility is an unacceptably low chance of achieving a therapeutic benefit for the patient (Butts Rich, 2013, p. 259). Healthcare professionals have accepted and ethically justified withholding and withdrawing treatments deemed futile or extraordinary. Most Other people have also accepted this concept. However, it is not universally accepted. In the 1995 case Of Giggling u. Massachusetts General Hospital, the family Of the patient wanted the attending physician to order CPRM to be provided to the dying patient. The patient, Ms. Giggling, was comatose and dying With multiple organ-system failure. The court supported the physicians claim that CPRM was medically futile (Butts Rich, 2013, p. 261). A permanent vegetative state (PAS) is a state in which a person with severe brain damage has enough autonomic function to survive with constant medical intervention but does not exhibit any awareness or higher brain function (Butts Rich, 2013, p. 52). PAS has played a major role in court cases related to withholding and withdrawing treatment. The case 1976 of Karen Ann Quintal was the first landmark case involving withholding and withdrawing treatment. In 1975, Karen was at a party, mixed alcohol with Valid, lapsed into a coma, and placed on a ventilator. Her parents sued to have her removed from the ventilator. They kept getting denied by the courts. Finally af ter many legal battles, the Nevus Jersey Supreme Court granted her parents the right to remove her from a ventilator. Previously, physicians would not remove her from a ventilator because they could not establish brain death, Once Karen was taken off the ventilator, she continued to breathe on her own for ten years (The big sleep, ND. )_ Because of this case, the definition of and criteria for PAS as established. It also set precedence for parents to have the right to choose withholding and Withdrawing treatment for their child. It also aided in the creation and implementation of the advanced directive. .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56 , .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56 .postImageUrl , .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56 , .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56:hover , .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56:visited , .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56:active { border:0!important; } .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56:active , .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56 .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Drawing on Previous Examples of Major Sporting Events EssayThe 1990 case of Nancy Curran also dealt With the issue Of parents trying to Withhold and Withdraw treatment for their child who was in a PAS. In 1983, Nancy was in an automobile accident and sustained injuries that led to complete loss Of consciousness with significant oxygen deprivation and then to a PAS with continuous artificial nutrition and hydration. After almost eight years of litigation, the Supreme Court f Missouri finally granted the wishes of her parents for the discontinuance of her feeding tube. She died three days after the courts decision (The case of, n. D. ), Because of this case, conditions for withholding and withdrawing treatment were established. The 2005 case of Terra Shiva highlighted the issue of surrogate decision-making in regards to withholding and withdrawing treatment. In 1990, Terra was found unresponsive by her husband, Michael. She had suffered an acute cardiac arrest with prolonged cerebral hypoxia, She was diagnosed with a PAS and had a tending tube in place. Her husband wanted the deeding tube removed, but her parents objected. The feeding tube was removed twice and then replaced because of the legal battle between the husband and the parents, By Florida law, the husband, as spouse and guardian, had a legal right to serve as the surrogate decision maker for Terra. Her parents thought otherwise. A total of twenty-one lawsuits and appeals were filed. After the court finally established that there was clear and convincing evidence that Terra had previously stated that she did not want to live in a condition where she would be a burden to anyone else, the court ordered that the feeding tube be removed or a third and final time. Terra died thirteen days after (Hunter, n_d. N Because of this case, substituted judgment became the ethical and legal standard, with guardianship as the focal point regarding decision making for the withholding and withdrawing of treatment. All of these cases highlight the importance of having an advanced directive and the multitude Of legal complications associated with not having one. The main ethical issue regarding the withholding and Withdrawing Of treatment is Who is the appropriate surrogate decision maker for an incompetent person? As demonstrated in the previous legal cases, if there re no documented preferences, then there is a good chance for a legal dispute between the parties involved who think that they have the right to make that decision. The biggest challenge for a surrogate decision maker is for them to be able to make an unbiased substituted decision based on an understanding of what the patients would decide for themselves, and not the values of the surrogate. To assist the surrogate with making the proper decision, physicians should provide all relevant medical information and explain that decisions regarding withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment should be based hat substituted judgment when there is evidence to the patients preferences and values. In making a substituted judgment, surrogate decision makers may consider the patients advance directive, if any; the patients values about life and the way it should be lived; and the patients attitudes towards sickness, suffering, medical procedures, and death. If there is not adequate evidence of the incompetent patients preferences and values, then the decision should be based on the best interests of the patient including what outcome would most likely promote the patients well-being (Opinion 2. 20, n. D. )_ Because Of the Renville of autonomy the physician should almost always accept the surrogates decision for the incompetent patient. However, there are situations that may require either institutional or judicial review and/or intervention in the decision- making process. These include: there is no available family member willing to be the patients surrogate decision maker, there is a dispute among family members and there is no surrogate decision maker designated in an advanced directive, the physician believes that the familys decision is clearly not what the patient would have decided if competent, and the physician believes that the session is not a decision that could reasonably be judged to be in the patients best interests. .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3 , .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3 .postImageUrl , .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3 , .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3:hover , .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3:visited , .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3:active { border:0!important; } .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3:active , .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3 .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Drawing The Color Line Essay PaperWhen there are disputes among family members or between family and health care providers, the use of ethics committees specifically designed to facilitate sound decision making is recommended before resorting to the courts (Opinion 2. 20, n. D. ), No matter what decision the physician or the surrogate decision maker determines as the best course of action regarding the withholding and withdrawing of treatment, nurses need to give compassionate, excellent care to the patient. The family members need to feel a sense of inference that the nurses will maintain moral sensitivity with a course of right action. In fact, the American Nurses Association (ANA) in their Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements emphasizes that nurses must ethically support the provision of compassionate and dignified end-of-life care as long as nurses do not have the sole intention of ending a persons life (Butts Rich, 2013, p. 268). This course of right action includes the promotion of comfort, the relief of pain, and support of the family when the decision has been made to withhold or withdrawn treatment. The decision to withhold or withdraw treatment is an incredibly complex ethical issue.

American Africans Action in the Struggle for Equality

These are protests that came to prominence in the course of 1950s, which raised concern against the incessant discrimination and racial segregation experienced by the American Africans and other marginalized groups in the southern America.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on American Africans Action in the Struggle for Equality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Continued oppression against people of different color, race, politics, or even religion had inspired many young American Africans to join action in the struggle for equality (Chong 23). Some of the prominent figures in the Movement include Martin Luther King Jr, Malcolm X, W.E.B. Du Bois and Rosa Parks among others. Although the civil rights mass protest was officially formalized in the 1950s and 1960s, the fight for equality in various institutions of the U.S. had started long time ago. Community leaders in various segmentations of the society had sh owed resistance to the white supremacy and domination against the African Americans which had been abounded in some states. ‘Everyday’s Use’ written at the peak of the transformational movement, is a perfect expression and reflection of the issue of the aspects surrounding the civil rights movement. Set at the height of the social issue, the story is a real representation of the key aspects of the day. Here, the writer applies writing to highlight some of the main issues surrounding the Black Power Movement. Walker’s purpose on the story is achieved through the creative formation of characters who symbolize the plight of blacks and women as observed during those times. The movement was initially facilitated by the progressive efforts of the descendants of African slaves who had always tried to resist the institution of slavery upon them. Regular protests and campaigns of resistance were some of the common characteristics associated with this movement. Civi l disobedience and activities of nonviolent demonstrations and protests were also common. Sometimes, these would bear crisis scenarios between government authorities and the activists resulting to confrontations. Although it took many years for the issues highlighted in the movement to be addressed, the protests had significant impact to the modern world. Many changes were realized owing to the pressure of the movement. For instance, the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act were introduced in the years 1964 and 1965, respectively thus granting all American citizens basic civil privileges, regardless of their race and ethnicity. Alice Walker is a renowned female activist who was born and raised at a time when the Civil Right Movements in South U.S. was taking shape. At the height of the transitional movement, Alice, then a college student at Spelman, was lucky to meet and rub shoulders with some of the prominent players in the movement, such as Martin Luther King Jr. This inspi red her to become one of the strongest female activists in the American history.Advertising Looking for research paper on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Her contribution in the struggle for human rights and equality has continued to raise strong impact to the world. According to Tuten, Alice is a woman with many records in life and her largest contribution in life can be perceived through her countless struggles against discrimination and oppression (126). ‘Everyday’s Use’ is just one of her many writings about race and gender which raised much alert in the civil rights movement. Racism, feminism and the many issues frequently raised by young American Africans who’d tend to lose respect to the culture that gave birth to them are some of the issue that Alice explores in ‘Everyday’s Use.’ As it would be observed, the story in this essay is Walker’s respo nse to the social discourse of the 1950s and 1960s, when the civil rights movement took place. The writer has vividly expressed some of the issues that continue to plague modern American communities, as expressed through the lives of the characters in the story (Whitsitt 448). Economic, social, and political issues are illustrated in the story, through the family of the narrator, who is referred by the title of ‘Mama’ or Mrs. Johnson. The story strongly illustrates the big contrast between the narrator and Maggy, one of her two daughters who still share the same conservative life with her, and ‘Wangero’ or Dee, the educated daughter who scorns the culture that gave birth to her. As observed from this story, the writer has based the two sisters on aspects constituting her own character. Whereby Maggy represents her difficult childhood, Dee remains to be a vivid reflection of her latter life which is characterized by education and success; the two aspects tha t would enable her to take part in the civil rights movement. The two different positions represent the culture and the progress of the American Africans in mid-to late-twentieth-century times. The story is set in a time when the lives of American Africans were undergoing a radical transition. These groups of people were able to gain freedom of civil rights at last, through the glory of civil rights movement, after many years of oppression and discrimination from the whites (Gianturco and Tuttle 18). The final outcome reached on the story, is a representation of the results which succeeded the movement as American Africans started gaining recognition in various segments of the American society.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on American Africans Action in the Struggle for Equality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This freedom would see the emergence of a new generation that has contradicting views about c rucial aspects of life. As a matter of fact, the writer has used the story to defend the legacy of her family and culture and to pay homage to the initial inhabitants of the South, where she grew up. Works Cited Chong, Dennis. Collective action and the civil rights movement, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991. Print. Gianturco, Paola, and T. Tuttle. In her hands: craftswomen changing the world, New York: PowerHouse Books, 2004. Print. Tuten, Nancy. â€Å"Alice Walker’s Everyday Use.† The Explicator 51. 2 (1993): 125-128. Print. Whitsitt, Sam. â€Å"In Spite of It All: A Reading of Alice Walker’s Everyday Use.† African  American Review 34. 3 (2000): 443-459. Print. This research paper on American Africans Action in the Struggle for Equality was written and submitted by user Jazmin Bean to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Summary of Report Card Essay Example

Summary of Report Card Essay Example Summary of Report Card Essay Summary of Report Card Essay State Report Card Assessment Name: Instructor: State Report Card Assessment Summary of Report Card The Arbor Hill Elementary School located in Albany uses report cards to evaluate the progress of students during their study period. The school is administered by a Board of Regents who uses this assessment tool in a significant way to improve the learning standards for all learners. The report cards offer a wealth of information to the parents on the condition of elementary school using the federal and state accountability systems, on learner progress, and other measures used to evaluate the performance in the district and school. Knowledge obtained from the Arbor Hill report card is varied, detailed and important in enriching the instruction process among students. There are three main sections of the Arbor Hill Elementary School Report Card. The first part of the report card contains information on the school. The school profile contained information on the rate of enrollment of students from pre kindergarten to grade 12. From the records, it was evident that there was a steady increase in the enrollment rate from 231 in 2008 to 363 in 2011. The average class size also increased significantly from 14 in 2008 to 21 in 2011. This first section also contained information on the demographic factors including students who were eligible to have free meals, student stability and other statistics. The attendance and suspension statistics revealed information on the number of children who attended classes and those who were penalized through suspensions. Apart from these aspects, the other subsections included teacher qualifications, staff counts and the teacher turnover rates. The second section of the report card handles the accountability issues in the school. In this section, the requirements for the school of testing proficiency in mathematics, English language and another indicator are outlined. The proficiency parameters included criterion for participation and performance. The last section outlines the academic performance of the school and included records from the 2010-2011 academic years. The performance was categorized according to the three subjects: mathematics, English language and science. This data was presented in the form of graphs and tables that analyzed all the grades in the school. This summary and analysis of the report cards displays the extent to which valuable information can be gleaned from children’s activities at the school. Student Development Program Introduction This intervention program document provides direction on the best approach to develop and revise any plans for student improvement such as Single Plan for Student Achievement (SPSA). Although schools and districts in Albany may have different names for this plan document, this plan offers details that are necessary for improving subject performance among students in all schools. This document also offers instruments for formulating and reviewing the SPSA, including sections that assist in aligning the costs with the allocated funds awarded to Arbor Hill Elementary School and a yearly assessment form. Seven Recommended Steps for Developing the School Intervention Plan Apart from accomplishing the essential parts that appear in all school plans, the school intervention plan must satisfy the precise necessities of each definite program running in the school. The school intervention plan entails a constant formulation, execution, and observation cycle. The starting and completion date of the yearly planning cycle is a domestic decision. Nevertheless, every institution needs to implement an approved plan that will guide the operations within the school. The seven steps of this constant cycle are: Analyzing the student progress information The school intervention plan is based on analysis of data retrieved from students’ activities and other tests and evaluations such as the Standardized Testing and Reporting (STAR) assessments and other federal assessments. Using this information from several grades, the LEA and SSC can retrieve numerous data on student weaknesses, individual contributions and teachers’ flaws. Measuring effectiveness of current academic strategies at Arbor Hill Elementary School The school needs to carry out a needs assessment that will determine the effectiveness of the current instructional program. The results of the needs assessment will be evaluated against state tools such as Academic Program Surveys that will establish whether the program is relevant or not. Establishment of key goals and improvement strategies The school should come up with realistic and achievable objectives and targets concerning the intervention program. These objectives should be in line with the LEA goals but still reflect the interests of the school. Defining the timelines, costs and funding procedure Each of the goals set by the school requires a similar action prescribed by the SSC and LEA. Apart from an action, each goal also requires to b allocated to an individual who will be responsible for its completion, the source of funding and the costs involved. Recommending the reading intervention plan to the board After all the relevant committees have assessed and reviewed the document, they present the document to the local governing board who conduct their own evaluation. This evaluation is important, as it will determine whether the document will be approved for implementation or it will be faulted. The board assesses the document for several elements including proper constitutions, legal validity and ascertaining whether all the necessary programs were included in the document. Planned Development in Student Performance The Arbor Hill Elementary School has assessed the educational performance of all learning groups and has taken in mind the efficiency of vital elements of the teaching program for students that failed to achieve the academic performance index benchmark and satisfactory annual progress growth goals. Consequently, the school has adopted several objectives, related measures, and expenditures to improve the educational performance of learners that failed to achieve the state standards. One of the goals for THE Local Education Authority (LEA) can be to ascertain that all students would attain proficiency in English language Arts by 2014. The goal for Arbor Hill Elementary School can be to improve the school’s proficiency average to 70% or more. These goals were set after analyzing data from the District ELA Benchmark Assessments. Improvements across the whole school in understanding comprehension were realized over a period of three years under the intervention program. However, accomplishments for the English students group in understanding comprehension has remained constantly dismal, particularly for learners at the CELDT transitional and premature advanced stages, based on analysis of CST results. The Arbor Hill Elementary School will evaluate the status of the objective on a monthly basis. More of this evaluation process will be elaborated in the strategy section. The strategy for the school to implement the plan to improve academic performance is to implement an institution-wide studying intervention program to tackle the academic needs of readers who are weak as categorized by district benchmark assessments. The literacy team members are responsible for determining weak readers and identifying, assessing and choosing an academic intervention programs that are developed for the individual literacy requirements of English learners and weak students and will include continuing evaluations of student development. The exact responsibilities of the literacy team are to gather and scrutinize summative and formative information on ELA issues at the school and district level. A minor function of the literacy team is to recognize learners from each grade who required reading interventions and their specific literacy requirements. The next step is the implementation and assessment of the intervention program. This part of the program will be administered by a joint effort consisting of the literacy team and the leadership team. While it is headed by a joint team, the two parties have separate roles in the implementation stage. The literacy team is charged with the responsibility of formulating reading intervention resources and materials. It is also charged with acquiring complementary instructional materials and standard evaluations. Consequently, the leadership team is responsible for developing intervention program targets, service models, and instruction and learning expectations and results. They are also responsible for analysis and evaluation of district standardized benchmark assessments and intervention programs. The assessment of the intervention program will be conducted on several stages. On a daily basis, the instructors should offer additional reading material and attention for students who are below average or intermediate. On a weekly basis, the teams in charge of all the grades will have collaborative meetings where they engage in analysis of the data collected from the intervention program and develop action plans using the outcomes from these analyses. The program being implemented will also be evaluated on a monthly basis. Finally, on an annual basis, the teams will evaluate the intervention program objectives and determine if they were being realized or if the whole program was a failure. Within the intervention plan, several programs that make the plan more effective are include. These programs are implemented at the state and federal level and are detailed in nature. Examples of these programs include peer assistance, economic aid, violence prevention and drug abuse. Evaluation Process The state has outlined the measures to be taken when handling planned activities and this includes evaluating the effectiveness of the intervention program on an annual basis. This evaluation program is important as it will release data on the program and pave the way for other subsequent programs. These state bodies include School Site Council (SSC) and the Local Education Agency (LEA) who offer investigation and review the services of the intervention program before making recommendations on its validity and continuity. Through this evaluation process, schools such as Arbor Hill Elementary School can determine the weak points within their program and strive to refine their system. Typically, the reports from these institutions may include the degree of achievement of goals and the comparison with state and national standards. However, both the LEA and SSC have to be careful in making conclusions from the evaluations they perform. They should consider all the relevant elements that can influence the success of the intervention plan such as the level of change in enrollment and the degree of implementation. The proper implementation of the reading intervention plan will benefit the students by increasing their level of understanding and ease the instructors’ burden in the classroom.

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